Organic Synthesis of Polymers | Essay

Organic Synthesis of Polymers | Essay Polymeric reagents offer a variety of unique benefits. Intra-molecular reactions, such as the cyclization of peptides or Dieckmann cyclizations, can be applied by attaching the reactive molecules at distant points along a polymer chain. In contrast, if the reactive molecules are secured in close approprinquity on a polymeric support then intermolecular reactions take place as illustrated for a ketone synthesis. Besides such proximity effects, mutual effects can also be oppressed, e.g. in the accumulation of a 2:1 complex of a crown ether and an alkali metal ion. The hydrolysis of an ester with polyvinylimidazole gives a wide demonstration of hydrophobic intercommunications. The simple dialysis of polymer-bound and low-molecular compounds by filtration is another significant benefit. The use of suitable additions of polymer-supported reagents, catalysts and/or scavengers is a powerful method, both for the synthesis of single organic compounds and for parallel synthesis. A further step of development is the use of such reactants in flow systems. So far, it has been shown that a range of flow formats bear excellent chemical yields and, where relevant, excellent enantio-meric molecules. The base has a longer lifetime than in batch systems. ‘Flow cascades’ promise to be considerable in future. Studies on the relevency of conventional liquid-state NMR spectroscopy for the examination of solid-phase organic reactions straightly on the resin will be described. For a systematic clarification small and easily assignable molecules substituted with a chain of different lengths were symphonized. In a continues step, these so-called sensor molecules were attached with commercially available resins. 2nd lot Polymer-supported synthesis (PSS) process involves the momentary coupling of synthesis substrates to a polymer carrier and thus curtails product purification and isolation to simple filtration and washing exercises. Since the polymers used in PSS are commonly not functionalized and inert to the many reaction conditions used in organic synthesis, a willingly cleavable linker intrinsic is used to attach the synthesis substrate to the polymer. Few of these linker groups are correlative of common preserving groups that are used in flight-step solution-phase syntheses .As are the superiority of such standard preserving groups, most linker groups used in Polymer-supported synthesis are a chiral. Nonetheless, chiral molecules have also been investigated as linker groups in such a way that they act as chiral auxiliaries in unbalanced Polymer-supported synthesis. This summarizes the information describing use of such chiral linkers and other chiral auxiliaries in PSS. The paradigm presented herein are correlated according to the functional group of the auxiliary that is used to hitch up the synthesis substrate. After all the inception of the Merrifield method for peptide synthesis, impenetrable polymer supports have been assimilated into various synthetic methodologies to easy product purification. Despite highly acknowledged, solid-phase synthesis still illustrates various weakness due to the nature of heterogeneous molecules reaction conditions. Non-linear kinetic behavior, uneven distribution and/or ingress to the chemical reaction, solvation problems, and pure synthetic problems concorded with solid-phase synthesis have led many labs to move towards alternative methods to restore uniform reaction conditions. By replacing insoluble cross-linked resins with soluble polymer supports the same reaction conditions of classical organic chemistry are reinstated, and yet product purification is still expedited through the usage of macro-molecular properties. This methodology, termed liquid-phase synthesis, in essence avoids the hurdles of solid-phase synthesis while conserving its positive aspec ts. The term â€Å"liquid-phase† synthesis was earlier used to highlight the heterogeneity between solid-phase peptide synthesis and a method of synthesis on soluble polyethylene glycol. 3rd lot CONCLUSION Thereafter some primary blooming reports, the use of polymer backed chiral auxiliaries was a comparatively latent area of research. Although, along with the latest rejuvenation of interest in polymer-supported organic synthesis. In general, the usage of auxiliaries in such synthesis has now increased over the past few years. Already, the clogging of a broad range of auxiliaries onto polymer supports has been proclaimed. In such instances, the auxiliary is used both to urge imbalance into the reaction, and also to correlate the synthesis substrate to the polymer carrier. Usually, when comparisons have been made, the output of the polymer supported reactions speculum those of the comparable solution-phase experiments. In a few examined aspects, the polymer- supported auxiliaries really incured more enantio-selectivity than their soluble supplements. Many of the illustrations represented here used commercially available polystyrene resins as the polymer supported. Given the current and ongoing explore into the growth of innovative polymers that provide enhanced physical and chemical properties, it can be anticipated that polymer-supported auxiliaries will turn into eternally more useful in asymmetric synthesis. For instance, polystyrene resins that contain cross-linkers or polar grafts have been proclaimed that widen the variety of solvents with which they are well-matched. Further, in addition to polystyrene polymers, polyethers, polyamines, and polysaccharides have all been recently inspected as supports that may possibly have advantageous properties. Consequently, as the polymer chains are superior and develop into additional companionable with the essential solvents, they possibly will present healthier deliverance of the synchronization complexes and/or alteration states requisite for elevated enantio-selectivity and thus escort to reactions with augmented selectivity. Liquid-phase methodologies offer unconventional strategies for compound synthesis by incorporating the constructive aspects of both conventional and solid-phase chemistry. Enabling homogeneous reaction circumstances and simplifying separation of product, liquid phase synthesis has established efficacy for peptide, oligonucleotide, oligosaccharide, and shows assurity for the usage in tiny molecule synthesis. Research in combinatorial chemistry has brought to the introduction of LPCS in regulate to abridge and speed the synthesis and broadcasting of small molecule libraries for drug lead invention. Undoubtedly supplementary applications will be revealed for liquid-phase methodologies. In addition, the current two-dimensional structure might be tuned for specific properties (and applications). This is a key prospect that coherent synthesis offers over pyrolytic approaches. For example, each one repeated unit carries a benzotriate cap that can be detached by ester hydrolysis to give a two-dimensional polymer with accurate, undersized pores that could be valuable for discerning enclosure or filtration of diminutive molecules. The hydroxyl groups of the decapped two-dimensional polymer can also be used as specifically spaced anchors to affix chemical entities of various sorts. 4th lot ROLE OF CHLORAMINE-T AND BROMAMINE-T AS SYNTHETIC REAGENTS The chlorine compound, chloramine-T (CAT), a by-product in saccharin synthesis, is well-known as an analytical reagent and the mechanistic aspects of its reactions have been acknowledged by Campbell and Johnson. The well-known members of this category of compounds are chloramine-T, chloramine-B and the equivalent bromine analogues broniamine-T. bromamine-B. From the time when these oxidants respond with a wide range of functional groups, they are used as reagents for logical and kinetic investigations. Chalcones are those substances found in a numeral of plants or unnaturally prepared. They exhibit various biological actions viz., antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, ant mitotic, antitumor, cytotoxicity, analgesic and antipyretic properties. They furthermore act as impending anti-ulcer, antifungal, anticancer and antimalerial agents. A variety of oxidants have been used for the corrosion of chalcones. Polymer-supported metal complexes have originated an imperative position in synthetic organic chemistry showing well predictable benefits over the homogeneous systems. This type of anchored catalysts have been deliberated by numerous researchers to contrast the performance of transition metal catalysts in harmonized and assorted states, due to superior catalytic activity showed by these anchored catalysts under a little reaction parameters. Some information have been available from our group on the restriction of different metal complexes on organic polymer with their applications as catalysts. Aziridines, belonging to the nominal group of hetero-cycles, is an imperative category of compounds and is used as intermediates for functional group modifications. Synthesis of aziridines is consequently a matter of greatly explore ended the preceding few years. The most atom applicable method of synthesis of aziridines lies in the direct aziridination of olefins with appropriate nitrenes. Bromamine-T, 1 (TsN-NaBr) can be used as a advanced resource of nitrogen in the copper catalyzed aziridination of various olefins. 5th lot REACTIVITY OF N-BROMO RESINS WITH DIFFERENTLY SUBSTITUTED A-PHENYL ETHANOLS Use of polymer-supported reagents in organic synthesis has increased over the past few years due to its well-situated controlling and easy methods. The significance of these reagents is mostly felt in the new method of combinatorial synthesis, where high output stage phase synthesis is deliberated with polymer supported reagents. The current revision illustrates the steadiness of the latest polymer backed bromine chloride resin and the formerly reported perbromide resin to microwave irradiation conditions. A simplistic regio and chemo selective bromo-methoxylation of a variety of alkenes exploiting the above reagents is proclaimed, including illustration from natural sources. The first usage of polymers in organic synthesis was prepared by Merrifield when he brought his solid phase technique for the amalgamation of peptides. Since then, functionalized polymers have been used in organic synthesis. They have been acted as catalysts and reagents in various types of organic reactions. Various characteristics of polymeric reagents such as: ease of separation, regioselectivity and salvageability to make them distinctive and useful in chemical observence. A huge assortment of polymer supported reagents have been used in organic reactions, e.g., halogenations, condensation, oxidation, reduction. One of the important and exceedingly relevant categories of polymer supported reagents is polymeric oxidizing agents which have been used in abundant organic synthesis. A number of specific features of N-halo reagents such as participation of the N-X bond and different modes of its splitting, decide their broad collection of applications in organic synthesis. Depending on the condition, a numeral of exceedingly imprudent intermediates can be obtained, e.g., halogen radicals, halogen cations, halogen anions, N-radicals, N-cations, and N-anions. For instance, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is a general reagent used in organic chemical reactions and promotes incredibly necessary reactions, such as halogenations, solvolytic halogenation, imidation, oxidation, as glowing as other processes consequential in formation of compounds with C-X, C-O, C=O, S-X, P-X, C-N, P-N bonds, etc. The current applications of NBS as catalyst, oxidant, selective brominating reagent, and initiator in the polymerization reactions have been reviewed recently. Synthesis and applications of many polymeric species of N-halo compounds have been investigated, i.e., poly(pN-chlorostyrenesulphonamide), N-chloronylones, and poly(N-bromoacrylamide). However, there are a few reports on polymers or copolymers containing N-halosuccinimide. Yaroslavsky et al. introduced the synthesis of N-chloro and N- bromopolymaleimide and used as halogenating agents. Polymers and copolymers containing bromosuccinimde moiety have been used for oxidation of acetals. Various researches indicate that poly (N-bromomaleimide) has not been systematically investigated as a polymeric oxidizing reagent in the pasture of organic synthesis. In this revision, we wish to testimony the synthesis of poly(N-bromomaleimide) with diverse cross linking densities and their applications in assorted oxidation reactions such as: oxidation of alcohols to their equivalent carbonyl compounds, synthesis of ketophosphonates from their hydroxyphosphonates, oxidative conversion of sulphide to sulphoxide, oxidative coupling of thiols, and oxidative deprotection of oximes to carbonyl compounds. Towering steadiness of this polymeric reagent compared to its low molecular weight counterparts, trouble-free work up measures of the reactions, and its rejuvenation and salvage formulate it beneficial over comparable N-halo reagents. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the current study are as follows: To study the organic synthesis of polymers. To study the solid-phase polymeric analogues of Chloramine T and Bromamine – T. To investigate the thermal stability of polymeric Bromamine – T.

Ethics in Business Decision Making Essay -- Business Ethics, Normative

The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Fieser, 2009). Many of the decisions one faces in a typical day could result in a multitude of outcomes. At times it can be hard to determine whether or not the decision you are making is an ethical one. Many philosophies have been devised to illustrate the different ways of evaluating moral decisions. Normative ethics focuses on assessing right and wrong behavior. This may involve reinforcing positive habits, duties we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior (Fieser, 2009). Of the many normative philosophies two stand out to be most accepted; teleology and deontology. Although they oppose each other in how actions are evaluated, they uphold many similar characteristics under the surface. Normative ethics involves either a single rule or a set of principles to evaluate moral conduct. Teleology stipulates that acts are morally acceptable if they produce some desired result. Deontology on the other hand, focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior. In summation, teleological philosophies consider the ends, or consequences, associated with an action whereas deontological philosophies consider the means (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2011). This is why teleology is commonly referred to as Consequentialism. In addition to the rule, deontology also cites individual absolute rights: freedom of conscience, freedom of consent, freedom of privacy, freedom of speech, and due process. Deontologist employ this set of freedoms because they believe certain rights should never be violated even if it is to produce a greater good (Ferre... ...ord.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ Encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Retrieved 24 2011, 3, from Utilitarianism: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620682/utilitarianism Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Fieser, J. (2009, 5 10). Ethics. Retrieved 3 26, 2011, from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/ Frankena, W. K. (1963). Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003, 5 20). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 15, 2011, from Consequentialism : http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ Taliaferro, C. (2010, 4 27). stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 11, 2011, from Philosophy of Religion: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-religion/ Ethics in Business Decision Making Essay -- Business Ethics, Normative The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior (Fieser, 2009). Many of the decisions one faces in a typical day could result in a multitude of outcomes. At times it can be hard to determine whether or not the decision you are making is an ethical one. Many philosophies have been devised to illustrate the different ways of evaluating moral decisions. Normative ethics focuses on assessing right and wrong behavior. This may involve reinforcing positive habits, duties we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior (Fieser, 2009). Of the many normative philosophies two stand out to be most accepted; teleology and deontology. Although they oppose each other in how actions are evaluated, they uphold many similar characteristics under the surface. Normative ethics involves either a single rule or a set of principles to evaluate moral conduct. Teleology stipulates that acts are morally acceptable if they produce some desired result. Deontology on the other hand, focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior. In summation, teleological philosophies consider the ends, or consequences, associated with an action whereas deontological philosophies consider the means (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2011). This is why teleology is commonly referred to as Consequentialism. In addition to the rule, deontology also cites individual absolute rights: freedom of conscience, freedom of consent, freedom of privacy, freedom of speech, and due process. Deontologist employ this set of freedoms because they believe certain rights should never be violated even if it is to produce a greater good (Ferre... ...ord.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ Encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Retrieved 24 2011, 3, from Utilitarianism: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620682/utilitarianism Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Fieser, J. (2009, 5 10). Ethics. Retrieved 3 26, 2011, from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/ Frankena, W. K. (1963). Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003, 5 20). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 15, 2011, from Consequentialism : http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ Taliaferro, C. (2010, 4 27). stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 11, 2011, from Philosophy of Religion: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-religion/

Comparing Conflict Theory and Social Control Theory Essay

A major purpose of this paper is to discuss conflict theory and social control theory from many phases. Sociological imagination originated in 1950 beginning with C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist. The concept of sociological imagination refers to how many factors there are in sociology that shape and mold the connections between what indirectly associates personal levels to simple aspects of life for people. In this paper I will discuss the implications of how personal issues are parallel to social problems in which people try to associate as a link to society. However, in exploring the basis of sociological imagination there are distinctions made between the two. For instance, teenage pregnancy is an issue suggested by Mills that teen mothers must realize that teen pregnancy is not an isolated problem. Teenage pregnancy is a vastly growing issue that young girls face in every community. Instead of being overridden with feelings of guilt and shame, the theory of sociological imagination suggests that teen pregnant girls should blame parents, peers, lack of information in school, or other societal influences that led to the current dilemma. In this paper I will discuss how the relationships, values, commitments, and beliefs are encouraging factors for people to avoid crime or break laws set forth by government. If people would internalize moral values and take pride in the community, the desire to commit deviant acts will be obsolete. Understanding the reduction of crime is a concept of social control theory. A focus of discussion in this paper is comparing conflict and social control theories and the motivational issues stating that individuals choose to participate in a variety of activities that led to criminal behavior. A derivative view of human nature states that choice constraints exist through implicit social agreements, arrangements, or contracts among individuals. Morality derives from social order, consequences that come from choices, and defining actions as illegal and lacking in morality. Discussion Basis of conflict theory is the viewpoint that the causes of crime are social and financial forces operating in society. The focus of conflict in communities is keeping with general evolutionary considerations without being genetically identifiable, all organisms display conflicts of interests. Arguments exist stating that criminal law is thought to operate in favor of rich and powerful people with policies in place to control the poor. The foundation basis of the criminal justice society is to impose moral standards in communities. The main focus is the separation of powerful individuals from those less fortunate who steal and protect themselves from attacks. During this process, ignoring the rights of poor people becomes prevalent. Middle-class individuals show favoritism to the upper-class rather than the poor, thinking that this type of mentality will aid in their rise to the top by supporting the upper echelon. Drug crimes and minor monetary crimes are severely punishable by law , large business, and financial crimes are lenient in punishment. As an example, a person stealing a television will receive a longer sentence than a person who embezzles millions of dollars through illegal business transactions. Conflict theory variations since 1960 include radical feminism, left realism, and peacemaking criminology. Radical feminism is women under capitalism. Dominant male figures are normal occurrences in society, woman are subject to this dominance in the home and work environment, and in society. Radical feminist criminologists have researched the unfair treatment of female teenagers. Studies show that female teenagers are likely to be in an institution for violations such as running away from their home, and are more prone to be sexually active. In the work environment women must be on guard for sexual attacks from men and negative comments in relation to promotional incentives. Left realism is a response to the movement of crime victims. Criminologists realize that most victims are not rich but poor. Predatory crimes are attacks on family and neighborhoods. The bottom line is left realists have the revelation that the criminal justice system acts to halt victimization without consideration of the classification of its perpetrators. Also focusing on deviant behaviors of the rich and successful must be thorough because business and financial crimes remain important. Peacemaking criminology investigates international concerns such as genocide and war. International issues for  the rights of humans and universal justice are subjects of major concern. The theory of social control deals with issues promoting social order and conformity. Many factors determine if a person will or will not engage in criminal or deviant behavior. Sociologists research various reasons for conformity and nonconformity to social norms. Social control theory studies how the issuance of rules in society is to maintain a standard of order. The th eory of social control suggests that social stability relies on the expectations that people relate to one another regarding decency and morality. Regulatory standards of human behavior in society are the foundation of social control theory. Identifying methods that can prevent deviant behaviors or deter individuals from law breaking activities are the main focus of the social control theory. The theory generalizes on two important areas: formal and informal control systems. Both formal and informal systems build on norms set forth by popularity in society. The difference is formal control systems are structuring tools of the legal system and informal control systems start within families, friends, and customs. In correspondence to criminal behaviors Ivan Nye developed four areas of control in society: 1. Direct – dictates rewarding for good behavior and punishment is administered for defiant behavior. 2. Internal – drives individuals by their conscience 3. Indirect – drives individuals by the innate desire to please others closest to him or her 4. Needs satisfaction – unnecessary criminal behavior when needs are met Social control maintains when the needs of the individual is met. When an individual’s needs are met he or she is less likely to commit crimes. Social control theory has a major role in understanding criminal behaviors. The view of criminal acts is behavioral techniques learned from peers that become his or her perceptions of normality in society. An individual’s constant exposure to deviant behaviors makes him or her more vulnerable to participate in the same behaviors he or she witnesses. In comparison of the conflict and social control theories both are a basis of extensive research. However, essentially the result is an individual’s behavior in society and the foundation of early childhood. In life there are choices to be made right and wrong. Socially greed often overtakes the desire to do the right thing  and wrong decisions seem inevitable. The choices that we make follow us from adolescence to adulthood. Socially correct should not mean belittling the poor, but the social correct should encourage the poor to excel. Conflict happens daily in our lives, marriages, employment, and school. Dealing with conflict in communities heals the wounds that a lack of morality and education causes. A struggle for power occurs in social classes in comparison to a balance of power. In the end one group is not victorious over the other. Conclusion Social controls that triumph in society are the effect of conflicts of interest with an undetermined outcome by reason for evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory suggests that without genetic identity conflicts among individuals will exist. Different conflicts in relation to social controls – controlled behaviors and who gains from the controlling behavior are noted as a factor in how the behavior of individuals relates to crime and control. Some controls may benefit rich and powerful men, middle-class men, or the entire group of men, and those individuals whose behavior adapts to constraints of control. In conflict theory invisible tension exists in rich and poor members of the community. The law protects the white-collar worker and the layman is left to protect him or herself. Personal issues are socially problematic and issues that cause debate, frustration, and power are conflicting. The key to both theories discussed in the paper is to understand the behaviors of criminals. Society views criminal acts as behaviors learned from peers and exposure to crime settings. Criminal behaviors are recurring when the foundation of youth is not of a positive nature. Crime will continue impacting society until positive crime prevention programs are in place and the successful implementation of rules is followed. References Gibbs, J.P. (1989). Control: sociology’s central notion. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley. University of California Press. Krohn, M. and Massey, J. (1980). Social control and delinquent behavior: an examination of the elements of the social bond. Sociological Quarterly. 21. Sampson, R.J. and Laub J.H. (1993). Crime in the making: pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press.

Ipms Project Management - 21640 Words

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Ipms Project Management - 21640 Words

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Development and Deployment of Project Management Application and Management Information System For Public Works Department Uttarakhand AT MBA-IB (2006-2008) Roll No. : A1802006276 (E25) SUBMITTED BY: SACHIN GUPTA Mr. Satish K. Tiwari Project Leader, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Lucknow. INDUSTRY GUIDE: FACULTY GUIDE: Prof. Ravi Prakash Assistant Professor, AIBS, Amity University, NOIDA. AMITY UNIVERSITY – UTTAR PRADESH AMITY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, NOIDA TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No. / Section Section / Sub-section Executive Summary Certificate From Company Certificate Of Origin†¦show more content†¦The department has been maintaining its records and progress data manually 4 since its very starting. Then after 2003-04, it started using computers at some of its offices to maintain the data as manual maintenance was going out of order. 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